I created a layer just to test adding custom Device Tree Overlay to a Yocto build.
I just tested the same layer on BSP 6 (branch kirkstone-6.x.y of manifest tdxref/default.xml, specifically at commit b85f89d19dbf6e0c503caee6415cb11c507d77dd) and it worked. Here is how I did it:
First I created the layer and the bbappend inside it. You can use tools like bitbake-layers to create the layer and recipetool to create the bbappend targeting the specific original recipe you need. In your case (Verdin iMX8MP), the original recipe will be device-tree-overlays_git.bb, as you already correctly did and is also pointed out in our documentation Device Tree Overlays (Linux) | Toradex Developer Center.
Then, after executing bitbake -c compile device-tree-overlays, I can see the resulting xablau_overlay.dtbo in build/tmp/work/<machine>-tdx-linux/device-tree-overlays/toradex_5.15-2.2.x-imx+gitAUTOINC+85e4729bdd-r0/build/xablau_overlay.dtbo.
As stated in the Developer article referenced above, please check the meta-toradex-bsp-common/classes/toradex-devicetree.bbclass for more information about TEZI_EXTERNAL_KERNEL_DEVICETREE_BOOT and TEZI_EXTERNAL_KERNEL_DEVICETREE.